Welcome to our whirlwind tour through the evolution of video games!
From the beep-beep of Pong to the breathtaking worlds of the PlayStation 5, we’re diving into 23 groundbreaking moments that have shaped gaming as we know it today.
Our journey isn’t just about the games themselves; we’re exploring the whole arcade, the consoles that found a place in our living rooms, and the handheld devices that made gaming on-the-go a reality.
Remember that this list isn’t exhaustive, and the vast universe of video gaming is always expanding.
We plan to update this article from time to time, keeping it fresh with new developments and milestones.
So, whether you’re a seasoned gamer or just curious, grab your controller (or keyboard) and join us on this exciting adventure through gaming history!
Milestones in the Evolution of Video Games
The Dawn of Video Gaming
Our first stop on this epic journey is “Tennis for Two,” the pioneering game that set the stage for everything that followed.
Created in 1958, this simple yet revolutionary game marked the true beginning of video gaming as we know it, showcasing the potential of electronic entertainment.
1. Tennis for Two (W. Higinbotham) | 1958
In 1958, a physicist named William Higinbotham created something extraordinary: “Tennis for Two.”
It’s considered one of the first video games ever made.
Using just an oscilloscope and some clever engineering, this simple tennis simulation game was born.
It was displayed at a public exhibition, surprising visitors with the possibility of playing games on a screen.
This early innovation was a crucial steppingstone in the evolution of video games.
It showed the world that electronic games could be more than just scientific experiments; they could be fun.
“Tennis for Two” wasn’t just a hit at the time; it laid the groundwork for the future of game design.
It proved that games could engage people in ways traditional entertainment couldn’t.
So, next time you pick up a controller, remember where it all began.
2. Pong (Atari) | 1972
Fast forward to 1972, and enter “Pong,” a game that truly sparked the arcade gaming era.
Created by Atari, Pong was a simple yet addictive game that mimicked table tennis on a screen. Players controlled paddles, moving them up and down to hit a ball back and forth.
Sounds simple, right?
But this straightforward concept was revolutionary.
Pong became an instant hit, finding its way into bars and arcades, captivating players of all ages.
It wasn’t just a game; it was a social phenomenon.
This milestone in the evolution of video games showed the world the potential of video gaming as a form of mainstream entertainment.
Pong didn’t just open doors; it kicked them down, paving the way for the arcade games that would follow and setting the stage for the gaming industry’s explosive growth.
So, when we talk about the beginnings of video gaming culture, Pong deserves its place in history as the game that started it all.
The Rise of Home Gaming Consoles
As we turn the page to the rise of home gaming consoles in our journey through the evolution of video games, we encounter a pivotal moment: the introduction of the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972.
This groundbreaking device stands as the first item on our list, marking the dawn of the home gaming era and forever changing how we interact with video game.
3. Odyssey (Magnavox) | 1972
After the buzz of arcade games began, another groundbreaking moment came in 1972: the Magnavox Odyssey.
This wasn’t just any gadget; it was the world’s first home gaming system. Imagine that!
Before the Odyssey, video games were something you had to go out to play.
But now, they could be a part of your living room.
The Odyssey was simple.
It hooked up to your TV and came with various game cards, each offering a new digital adventure.
From sports simulations to puzzles, it was a glimpse into the future of entertainment.
While it didn’t have the flashy graphics we know today, its innovation was undeniable.
The Magnavox Odyssey marked a pivotal point in the evolution of video games, transitioning them from public spaces into our homes.
It wasn’t just about playing games; it was about bringing families and friends together in a whole new way.
This leap forward showed the endless possibilities of video gaming, laying the foundation for the consoles and games that would eventually fill our homes.
4. Atari 2600 (Atari) | 1977
Next up in the evolution of video games is a true game-changer: the Atari 2600.
Introduced in 1977, this console revolutionized home entertainment with a brilliant idea: cartridge-based gaming.
Before the Atari 2600, most video game systems had games built in.
You got what you got, with no way to expand your collection.
But with the Atari 2600, the power of choice was in the players’ hands.
You could swap out cartridges, each one a new world or adventure.
This meant endless possibilities for gameplay, from the maze-chasing excitement of “Pac-Man” to the space battles of “Asteroids.”
The Atari 2600 didn’t just bring arcade hits home; it transformed the living room into the center of the gaming universe.
It paved the way for the vast, diverse video game libraries we enjoy today.
In essence, the Atari 2600’s innovative approach to gaming cartridges played a pivotal role in shaping the future of video games and home entertainment.
The Golden Age of Arcades
Stepping into “The Golden Age of Arcades,” our exploration of the evolution of video games highlights a defining moment: the introduction of “Space Invaders” in 1978.
This iconic game not only kicks off our list for this vibrant era but also ignited the arcade craze, setting the standard for the industry and embedding itself in the cultural zeitgeist.
5. Space Invaders (Taito/Midway in the U.S.) | 1978
In 1978, “Space Invaders” blasted its way into the heart of the arcade era, marking a monumental chapter in the evolution of video games.
Created by Tomohiro Nishikado and released by Taito in Japan, this game introduced players to a fight for Earth against rows of descending aliens.
It’s simple yet addictive gameplay, where players controlled a laser cannon to fend off waves of aliens, captured the imagination of a generation.
“Space Invaders” was more than just a game; it became a cultural phenomenon, inspiring a frenzy of arcade gaming and contributing to the medium’s growing popularity worldwide.
Its success laid the groundwork for the shooter genre and demonstrated the potential of video games as a mainstream form of entertainment.
The iconic pixelated alien design became a symbol of video gaming culture.
“Space Invaders” didn’t just entertain; it challenged and enthralled, becoming a cornerstone of video game history.
6. Pac-Man (Namco) & Asteroids (Atari) | 1980
As we continue our journey through the evolution of video games, 1980 stands out as a year when arcade gaming hit its peak.
Enter “Pac-Man” and “Asteroids,” two games that took the world by storm.
“Pac-Man,” with its simple yet addictive gameplay, had players everywhere navigating mazes to eat dots while avoiding ghosts.
It wasn’t just a game; it became a cultural icon, inspiring merchandise, a television series, and even a chart-topping song.
Then there was “Asteroids,” a game where players blasted their way through fields of space rocks.
Its vector graphics and responsive controls made it a hit, captivating gamers who sought to top the high-score charts.
Together, “Pac-Man” and “Asteroids” showcased the power of video games to bring people together, creating a shared experience that transcended age and background.
They marked a golden age for arcades, becoming places where communities formed, and legends were made.
These games didn’t just dominate arcades; they left an indelible mark on popular culture and highlighted the growing influence of video gaming in society.
7. Donkey Kong (Nintendo) | 1981
In 1981, a pivotal moment in the evolution of video games occurred with the release of “Donkey Kong.”
This wasn’t just any arcade game; it introduced us to Mario, who would become one of the most iconic characters in video game history.
Initially known as Jumpman, Mario’s quest to save Pauline from the clutches of Donkey Kong offered gamers a narrative experience unlike any before.
“Donkey Kong” was more than a game of jumping and climbing; it told a story, adding depth to the gaming experience.
This breakthrough set the stage for narrative-driven games, showing that video games could offer compelling stories alongside engaging gameplay.
The success of “Donkey Kong” proved that characters and stories could become the heart of video games, paving the way for countless adventures that we cherish today.
It was a game-changer, transforming pixels and code into characters and worlds that players could connect with on a deeper level.
Innovations and the Expansion of Gaming Tech
Diving into the early innovations and growth in gaming options we encounter a significant leap in the evolution of video games with the introduction of the ColecoVision game console in 1982.
As the first item on our list for this section, ColecoVision’s launch marked a pivotal moment, offering unparalleled arcade-quality graphics at home and broadening the horizons of gaming genres and possibilities.
8. ColecoVision (Coleco) | 1982
In 1982, the ColecoVision burst onto the scene, marking a significant leap in the evolution of video games by bringing arcade-quality graphics right into the living room.
Before the ColecoVision, home consoles struggled to replicate the detailed and vibrant graphics seen in arcades.
But this system changed the game.
It boasted superior graphics and sound that closely matched what gamers experienced with their favorite arcade titles.
Titles like “Donkey Kong,” which came bundled with the console, offered a near-perfect arcade experience at home.
This was a big deal! Gamers could now enjoy the thrill of arcade hits without needing a pocket full of quarters.
The ColecoVision not only raised the bar for home gaming systems but also intensified the competition among console manufacturers, pushing them to innovate further.
Its impact was profound, contributing to the ongoing development of video gaming technology and ensuring that the quest for better, more immersive gaming experiences continued.
9. Dragon’s Lair (Cinematronics) | 1983
In 1983, “Dragon’s Lair” broke new ground in the evolution of video games, transforming how stories could be told and visuals presented in gaming.
Unlike anything before, this game used laser-disc technology, offering animated movie-quality graphics and engaging narrative-driven gameplay.
Players guided Dirk the Daring, a knight on a quest to rescue Princess Daphne from a dragon, through a series of choices and quick-time events.
“Dragon’s Lair” stood out not just for its technological innovation but also for its ability to immerse players in a richly animated world, making them feel like they were part of an interactive cartoon.
This was a leap forward in gaming, proving that advanced technology could enhance storytelling and visual appeal in video games.
It set a new standard, inspiring future games to combine technology and creativity to create immersive experiences.
“Dragon’s Lair” wasn’t just a game; it was a glimpse into the future of interactive entertainment.
Puzzle and Adventure: New Genres Emerge
As we explore “Puzzle and Adventure: New Genres Emerge” in our saga of the evolution of video games, we’re greeted by a game-changing moment: the introduction of Tetris in 1984.
This addictive puzzle game, our first item in this segment, not only captivated players worldwide but also pioneered a new genre, showcasing the vast potential for innovation within the gaming landscape.
10. Tetris | 1984
In 1984, the world was introduced to “Tetris,” a simple yet captivating puzzle game that quickly became a global phenomenon.
Created by Alexey Pajitnov in the Soviet Union, Tetris challenged players to fit falling blocks, or Tetriminos, together to create complete lines, which then disappeared to make room for more shapes.
Its universal appeal lay in its simplicity, accessibility, and the increasing challenge it presented as the game progressed.
“Tetris” wasn’t just a game; it was a testament to the evolution of video games, demonstrating how a straightforward concept could capture the hearts and minds of people around the world.
It transcended cultural and language barriers, becoming one of the most recognized and beloved video games in history.
The success of “Tetris” highlighted the potential for video games to become more than entertainment; they could unite people across the globe.
11. The Legend of Zelda (Nintendo) | 1985
In 1985, “The Legend of Zelda” opened a new chapter in the evolution of video games, introducing players to the expansive world of Hyrule.
This game was not just about defeating enemies; it was an adventure, inviting gamers to explore, solve puzzles, and uncover secrets in a vast, open world.
Created by Nintendo, “The Legend of Zelda” was a pioneering force in adventure games and world-building, setting a benchmark for storytelling and exploration in video games.
Players took on the role of Link, embarking on a quest to rescue Princess Zelda and battle the evil Ganon.
What made it stand out was its non-linear gameplay, allowing players freedom to explore at their own pace.
This groundbreaking approach influenced countless games that followed, showing that video games could offer rich, immersive worlds full of lore and mystery.
“The Legend of Zelda” wasn’t just a game; it was an invitation to adventure, proving that video games could be as deep and engaging as any storybook or movie.
Handheld Gaming Takes Off
Venturing into the early days of portable gaming, we highlight a revolutionary step in the evolution of video games: the introduction of the Game Boy in 1989.
As the premier item on our list for this chapter, the Game Boy’s launch not only defined portable gaming but also opened up a whole new world of gaming possibilities on the go.
12. Game Boy (Nintendo) | 1989
In 1989, the Game Boy revolutionized the way we play games, making a huge leap in the evolution of video games by bringing them into our hands, anywhere we went.
This portable device wasn’t just about gaming on the go; it was a new way to experience video games, with “Tetris” as its flagship title.
“Tetris” on the Game Boy became an instant hit, showcasing the console’s ability to deliver engaging gameplay without the need for cutting-edge graphics.
The Game Boy’s long battery life, durability, and extensive library of games, including classics like “Pokémon” and “The Legend of Zelda,” made it a must-have for gamers of all ages.
It wasn’t just a gadget; it was a companion for long car rides, waiting rooms, and lazy afternoons.
The Game Boy set the standard for handheld gaming, proving that great games don’t need the biggest screen or the most powerful graphics—they just need to be fun.
13. Game Boy Color (Nintendo) | 1998
In 1998, the Nintendo Game Boy Color (GBC) added a vibrant chapter to the evolution of video games.
This handheld console brought games to life in full color, a leap forward from its monochrome predecessors.
The GBC was backward compatible, allowing players to enjoy a vast library of Game Boy classics in addition to new color-enhanced titles.
Games like “Pokémon Gold and Silver” and “The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening DX” became instant hits, showcasing the GBC’s ability to deliver rich, immersive experiences on the go.
The introduction of the Game Boy Color wasn’t just about adding color; it was about opening up a world of possibilities for game developers and players alike, making it a beloved milestone in gaming history.
14. Game Boy Advance (Nintendo) | 2001
In 2001, the Nintendo Game Boy Advance (GBA) marked a significant leap in the evolution of video games.
This 32-bit handheld console combined enhanced graphics and a wider screen, offering a richer gaming experience in the palm of your hand.
The GBA’s design allowed for more complex and visually engaging games, such as “Advance Wars” and “Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow.”
Its backward compatibility meant players could also enjoy their favorite Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, bridging the gap between generations.
The Game Boy Advance wasn’t just an upgrade; it was a new frontier for portable gaming, pushing the boundaries of what handheld consoles could do and playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of on-the-go gaming.
15. DS or Dual Screen (Nintendo) | 2001
In 2004, the Nintendo DS revolutionized handheld gaming, adding a new chapter to the evolution of video games.
This dual-screened device introduced touch screen interaction, a built-in microphone, and Wi-Fi connectivity for online play, showcasing unprecedented features for handheld devices.
Games like “Nintendogs” and “Brain Age” utilized the DS’s unique capabilities, offering innovative gameplay that appealed to a wide audience, beyond traditional gamers.
The DS also maintained compatibility with Game Boy Advance titles, ensuring a vast library of games.
Its success led to several iterations, including the DS Lite, DSi, and DSi XL, each enhancing the original’s design and functionality.
The Nintendo DS didn’t just push the envelope; it opened a whole new world of gaming possibilities, firmly cementing its legacy in the history of video games.
Did you know…?
The Game Boy line, launched by Nintendo, saw seven models/variations over its lifetime.
Here’s a breakdown by model and release date:
1. Game Boy (Original)
The original GB, released in 1989.
2. Game Boy Pocket
A smaller, lighter version introduced in 1996.
3. Game Boy Light
Released in 1998, similar to the Pocket but with a backlit screen, available only in Japan.
4. Game Boy Color
Launched in 1998, featuring a color screen.
5. Game Boy Advance
Debuted in 2001 with a significant leap in hardware, featuring a 32-bit processor and landscape orientation.
6. Game Boy Advance SP
Introduced in 2003, notable for its clamshell design and front-lit (later models were backlit) screen.
7. Game Boy Micro
Released in 2005, a much smaller version of the GBA with a backlit screen.
The Era of 3D Gaming and Multimedia Consoles
Entering “The Era of 3D Gaming and Multimedia Consoles,” we witness a pivotal shift with the introduction of the Sega Genesis in 1989.
This landmark console, the first item in our exploration of this transformative period, not only pushed the boundaries of gaming graphics and sound but also ushered in a new age of immersive and dynamic video game experiences.
16. Sega Genesis | 1989
In 1989, the Sega Genesis, known as the Mega Drive outside of North America, catapulted Sega into the forefront of the gaming industry, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of video games.
This 16-bit console brought arcade-quality games into the living room, offering an experience that was a significant leap forward from its 8-bit predecessors.
With iconic titles like “Sonic the Hedgehog,” Sega Genesis not only challenged its competitors but also won the hearts of gamers worldwide.
Sonic, with his blazing speed and vibrant worlds, became Sega’s mascot, symbolizing the console’s emphasis on fast-paced, visually stunning games.
The Genesis was also pivotal for introducing gamers to a new era of video game music and sound, thanks to its advanced audio capabilities.
By pushing the boundaries of game design and technology, the Sega Genesis played a crucial role in shaping the gaming landscape of the 90s, proving that innovation and a bit of speed could make all the difference.
17. Super NES (Nintendo) | 1990
Editing
18. PlayStation (Sony) | 1994
In 1994, the PlayStation marked Sony’s grand entrance into the gaming market, significantly contributing to the evolution of video games.
This console was a game-changer, literally, as it embraced CD-ROMs over traditional cartridges.
This shift wasn’t just about moving to a new format; it revolutionized game development by offering vast storage space.
Developers could now include better graphics, more complex gameplay, and richer soundtracks.
Games like “Final Fantasy VII” and “Metal Gear Solid” showcased the PlayStation’s power, delivering cinematic experiences that were previously unimaginable in video games.
The PlayStation didn’t just compete in the gaming market; it expanded it, attracting older gamers and setting new standards for what video games could be.
Its success paved the way for multimedia capabilities in consoles, making gaming a central part of home entertainment.
Sony’s entry into the gaming world with the PlayStation showed that innovation and embracing new technology could redefine gaming for everyone.
19. Nintendo 64 | 1996
In 1996, the Nintendo 64 revolutionized the gaming world, marking a significant chapter in the evolution of video games.
This console was a pioneer, introducing gamers to the joys of 3D graphics in a home gaming system.
With its innovative three-pronged controller, the N64 offered a new way to explore virtual worlds with precision and ease.
Games like “Super Mario 64” and “The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time” became instant classics, showcasing the system’s capabilities by offering expansive worlds that players could immerse themselves in like never before.
The N64 also brought multiplayer gaming to the forefront, with titles like “Mario Kart 64” and “GoldenEye 007” creating unforgettable couch co-op experiences.
The Nintendo 64 didn’t just push the envelope; it opened a whole new dimension for video games, blending cutting-edge technology with creative game design to captivate a generation.
Online Gaming and the Modern Era
As we navigate into the modern era of online gaming we’rwe’reeted by a groundbreaking development: the introduction of the Xbox and Xbox Live in 2001.
Marking the first item on our list for this era, this innovation not only brought powerful gaming consoles into our homes but also connected us like never before, laying the foundation for the future of online multiplayer gaming.
20. Microsoft Xbox/Xbox Live and Nintendo GameCube | 2001
In 2001, the gaming landscape was forever changed with the introduction of the Xbox and Xbox Live, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of video games.
Microsoft’s entry into the console market brought cutting-edge technology and the power of PC gaming into the living room.
The Xbox was more than just a gaming console; it was a multimedia entertainment system, featuring a built-in hard drive and the ability to play DVDs.
But the real game-changer was Xbox Live, launched in 2002, which took multiplayer gaming online, connecting players from around the world in a way that had never been done before on a console.
With Xbox Live, games like “Halo 2” became not just local multiplayer experiences but global phenomena.
This innovation transformed how we play and interact, making online gaming a standard feature for consoles moving forward.
The Xbox and Xbox Live didn’t just enter the gaming market; they expanded it, setting new standards for connectivity, community, and competition.
21. Nintendo Wii | 2006
In 2006, the Nintendo Wii turned the gaming world on its head, becoming a pivotal point in the evolution of video games.
Unlike anything before, the Wii introduced motion-controlled gaming, inviting players to physically move and interact with games in a whole new way.
With its innovative Wii Remote, gaming became an active, inclusive experience that appealed to all ages and skill levels.
22. Sony PlayStation 4 & Microsoft Xbox One | 2014
In 2013, the gaming world welcomed the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, marking another leap in the evolution of video games.
These consoles brought gaming into the era of high-definition visuals, enhanced connectivity, and immersive experiences.
The PS4, with its powerful graphics and innovative DualShock 4 controller, focused on gamer-centric features and social gameplay.
It offered titles like “The Last of Us Part II” and “God of War,” which were praised for their storytelling and visual fidelity.
Meanwhile, the Xbox One expanded the gaming experience beyond the living room, integrating with other media and offering features like voice control.
It also introduced the Xbox Game Pass, changing how gamers access and discover new games.
Together, these consoles set new standards for performance and interactivity, pushing developers to create more engaging and visually stunning games.
The launch of the PS4 and Xbox One didn’t just signify an upgrade in hardware; it represented the growing role of video games in mainstream entertainment and culture.
The Hybrid Model: Blending Traditional and Mobile Gaming
Venturing into “The Hybrid Model: Blending Traditional and Mobile Gaming,” we spotlight a revolutionary moment with the introduction of the Nintendo Switch in 2017.
As the inaugural item in this section, the Switch’s debut redefined the gaming landscape by seamlessly merging the worlds of home and portable gaming, offering players unprecedented flexibility in how and where they play.
23. Nintendo Switch | 2017
In 2017, the Nintendo Switch transformed the landscape of gaming, marking a significant milestone in the evolution of video games.
This innovative console broke the mold by blending the worlds of home and portable gaming into one seamless experience.
With the Switch, gamers could start playing on their TV and then lift the console from its dock to continue their adventure on the go, without skipping a beat.
Titles like “The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild” and “Super Mario Odyssey” not only showcased the system’s versatility but also its ability to deliver deep, immersive gaming experiences both at home and away.
The Switch’s unique Joy-Con controllers added a new dimension to multiplayer gaming, making it easier than ever to share the fun with friends and family.
The Nintendo Switch didn’t just introduce new technology; it redefined what a gaming console could be, bridging the gap between hardcore and casual gamers and expanding the audience for video games.
The Future of Gaming
Stepping into the future of gaming we’rwe’reediately met with a glimpse into what lies ahead through the introduction of the PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X/S in 2020.
As the first entry in this visionary segment, these next-generation consoles set a new standard for power, performance, and immersive gaming, heralding an exciting new chapter in the evolution of video games.
24. Sony PlayStation 5 & Microsoft Xbox Series X/S | 2020
In 2020, the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S launched, pushing the boundaries in the evolution of video games.
These next-generation consoles brought unparalleled performance, with faster load times, higher resolution, and more realistic graphics than ever before.
The PS5, with its ultra-high-speed SSD and innovative DualSense controller, offered immersive experiences that blurred the line between game and reality.
Games like “Spider-Man: Miles Morales” showcased the console’s ability to deliver stunning visuals and unique gameplay mechanics.
Meanwhile, the Xbox Series X/S focused on versatility and value, offering a smooth transition with backward compatibility and the expansive library of Xbox Game Pass.
The Series X provided power for the most demanding games, while the Series S offered a more affordable, digital-only option.
Together, these consoles set a new standard for gaming, highlighting the continuous innovation that drives the industry forward.
As we stepped into this new era, the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S not only promised to redefine gaming but also to bring us closer than ever to the future of interactive entertainment.
Wrap-up: Historical Evolution of Video Games
And there you have it—a whirlwind journey through the milestones that have shaped the incredible evolution of video games.
From the humble beginnings of “Tennis for Two” to the groundbreaking release of the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, we’ve seen how games, home consoles, arcades, and handhelds have transformed over the years.
Each step, each innovation, has played a part in turning video gaming into the diverse and dynamic world it is today.
Remember, this list isn’t exhaustive.
The story of video games is vast, with countless innovations and memorable moments still left to explore.
We’ll continue to update this post as new milestones emerge because the evolution of video games is far from over.
Whether you’re a seasoned gamer or new to the joystick, there’s always something new to discover in this ever-changing landscape.
So, keep your controllers charged and your eyes on the screen—we can’t wait to see where this journey takes us next. Here’s to the past, present, and future of video gaming! 🎮✨
For groundbreaking advances in technology from a time looooong time ago check out my post Ancient Mesopotamian Science and Technology: 10 Key Inventions!
FAQs: Historical Evolution of Video Games
Ralph H. Baer, often referred to as the “Father of Video Games,” developed the first home video game console in the late 1960s.
His invention, the Magnavox Odyssey, was released in 1972, laying the groundwork for the future of gaming.
The video game crash of 1983, primarily affecting the United States, resulted from market saturation, too many low-quality games, and the rise of home computers.
It led to a significant decline in video game sales and bankrupted many companies.
The industry rebounded with the launch of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985, which introduced stricter quality control measures.
The first online multiplayer game is widely considered to be “Empire” in 1973, developed at the University of Hawaii.
It was a turn-based strategy game for up to eight players and ran on the PLATO network, an early form of the internet.
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